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Dental plaque is a soft, sticky biofilm that constantly forms on teeth when bacteria in the mouth mix with food particles and saliva. If not removed by brushing and flossing, plaque hardens into tartar (calculus) within 24-72 hours. Tartar cannot be removed by regular brushing and requires professional dental scaling. Both plaque and tartar are primary causes of tooth decay, gingivitis, and periodontitis, making regular dental hygiene appointments essential for prevention.